Aluminium yog lub ntiaj teb cov hlau ntau tshaj plaws thiab yog qhov thib peb feem ntau cov khoom muaj xws li 8% ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Lub versatility ntawm aluminium ua rau nws siv dav tshaj hlau tom qab hlau.
Kev tsim khoom ntawm Aluminium
Aluminium yog muab los ntawm cov ntxhia bauxite. Bauxite hloov mus rau txhuas oxide (alumina) ntawm Bayer txheej txheem. Cov alumina ces hloov mus rau txhuas hlau siv cov electrolytic hlwb thiab cov txheej txheem Hall-Heroult.
Txhua xyoo thov ntawm Aluminium
Kev thov thoob ntiaj teb rau txhuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 29 lab tons hauv ib xyoos. Kwv yees li 22 lab tons yog txhuas tshiab thiab 7 lab tons yog rov siv dua txhuas seem. Kev siv cov aluminium recycled yog kev lag luam thiab ib puag ncig yuam. Nws yuav siv 14,000 kWh los tsim 1 tonne ntawm aluminium tshiab. Conversely nws yuav siv sij hawm tsuas yog 5% ntawm qhov no rau remelt thiab recycle ib tonne ntawm txhuas. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov nkauj xwb thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab.
Kev siv ntawm Aluminium
Ntshiabaluminiumyog mos, ductile, corrosion resistant thiab muaj hluav taws xob conductivity. Nws yog dav siv rau cov ntawv ci thiab cov neeg xyuas pib cables, tab sis alloying nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus yog tsim nyog los muab lub zog siab dua xav tau rau lwm yam kev siv. Aluminium yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws, muaj lub zog rau qhov hnyav piv zoo dua rau cov hlau.
Los ntawm kev siv ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm nws cov khoom zoo xws li lub zog, lub teeb, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, recyclability thiab formability, aluminium yog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug puas-tsoo daim ntawv thov. Cov khoom lag luam no txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim los mus rau nyias ntim foils.
Alloy Designations
Aluminium yog feem ntau alloyed nrog tooj liab, zinc, magnesium, silicon, manganese thiab lithium. Ntxiv me me ntawm chromium, titanium, zirconium, lead, bismuth thiab npib tsib xee kuj tau tsim thiab hlau tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv me me.
Muaj ntau tshaj 300 wrought alloys nrog 50 feem ntau siv. Lawv ib txwm raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm plaub daim duab uas tau tshwm sim hauv Asmeskas thiab tam sim no tau txais thoob ntiaj teb. Table 1 piav qhia txog qhov system rau wrought alloys. Cast alloys muaj cov npe zoo sib xws thiab siv tsib tus lej system.
Table 1.Daim ntawv thov rau wrought aluminium alloys.
| Alloying Element | Wrought |
|---|---|
| Tsis muaj (99% + Aluminium) | 1XXX |
| Tooj | 2XXX |
| Manganese | 3XXX |
| Silicon | 4XXX |
| Magnesium | 5 XXXXXXXXX |
| Magnesium + Silicon | 6 XXXXXXXXX |
| Zinc | 7 XXXXXXXXX |
| Lithium | 8 XXXXXXXXX |
Rau unalloyed wrought aluminium alloys xaiv 1XXX, ob tus lej kawg sawv cev rau qhov purity ntawm cov hlau. Lawv yog qhov sib npaug rau ob tus lej kawg tom qab tus lej lej thaum aluminium purity qhia txog qhov ze tshaj 0.01 feem pua. Tus lej thib ob qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev txwv. Yog tias tus lej thib ob yog xoom, nws qhia tias tsis muaj txhuas txhuas muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev txwv thiab 1 txog 9, qhia tus kheej impurities lossis alloying ntsiab.
Rau 2XXX rau 8XXX pawg, ob tus lej kawg qhia txog cov txhuas alloys sib txawv hauv pawg. Tus lej thib ob qhia txog kev hloov kho alloy. Ib tus lej thib ob ntawm xoom qhia qhov qub alloy thiab cov lej 1 txog 9 qhia txog kev hloov pauv sib law liag.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm Aluminium
Qhov ntom ntawm Aluminium
Aluminium muaj qhov ntom ntom ntawm ib feem peb ntawm cov hlau los yog tooj liab ua rau nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov tshwm sim muaj zog siab rau qhov hnyav piv ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv uas tso cai rau cov loads ntxiv lossis roj txuag rau kev thauj mus los hauv kev lag luam tshwj xeeb.
Lub zog ntawm Aluminium
Aluminium ntshiab tsis muaj lub zog tensile siab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloying xws li manganese, silicon, tooj liab thiab magnesium tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom muaj zog ntawm txhuas thiab tsim cov hlau alloy nrog cov khoom haum rau cov kev siv tshwj xeeb.
Aluminiumzoo haum rau qhov chaw txias. Nws muaj qhov zoo dua ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv uas nws lub zog tensile nce nrog txo qhov kub thiab txias thaum tuav nws cov toughness. Hlau ntawm qhov tod tes ua nkig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Corrosion Resistance ntawm Aluminium
Thaum raug huab cua, ib txheej ntawm txhuas oxide tsim yuav luag instantaneously nyob rau saum npoo ntawm txhuas. Cov txheej no muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau corrosion. Nws yog haum rau feem ntau acids tab sis tsawg resistant rau alkalis.
Thermal conductivity ntawm Aluminium
Lub thermal conductivity ntawm txhuas yog li peb zaug ntau dua li cov hlau. Qhov no ua rau txhuas yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si txias thiab cua sov daim ntaub ntawv xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Ua ke nrog nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom cov cuab yeej no txhais tau hais tias txhuas yog siv dav hauv cov tais diav thiab khoom ua noj.
Hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm Aluminium
Nrog rau tooj liab, txhuas muaj hluav taws xob conductivity siab txaus siv los ua hluav taws xob conductor. Txawm hais tias cov conductivity ntawm feem ntau siv conducting alloy (1350) tsuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 62% ntawm annealed tooj liab, nws tsuas yog ib feem peb ntawm qhov hnyav thiab thiaj li ua tau hluav taws xob ob zaug thaum piv nrog tooj liab ntawm tib qhov hnyav.
Reflectivity ntawm Aluminium
Los ntawm UV rau infra-red, txhuas yog ib qho zoo heev reflector ntawm radiant zog. Pom lub teeb pom kev ntawm ib puag ncig 80% txhais tau tias nws tau siv dav hauv cov teeb pom kev zoo. Tib yam khoom ntawm reflectivity uaaluminiumzoo tagnrho raws li cov ntaub ntawv insulating los tiv thaiv lub hnub lub rays nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, thaum insulating tiv thaiv kub poob nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no.
Rooj 2.Properties rau aluminium.
| Khoom | Tus nqi |
|---|---|
| Atomic Number | 13 |
| Qhov hnyav Atomic (g / mol) | 26.98 Nws |
| Valency | 3 |
| Crystal Structure | FCC |
| Melting Point (°C) | 660.2 ib |
| Kub Point (°C) | 2480 ib |
| Qhov ntsuas kub tshwj xeeb (0-100 ° C) (cal / g. ° C) | 0.219 ib |
| Thermal conductivity (0-100 ° C) (cal / cms. ° C) | 0.57 ib |
| Co-Efficient ntawm Linear Expansion (0-100 ° C) (x10-6 / ° C) | 23.5 Nws |
| Hluav taws xob tiv taus ntawm 20 ° C (Ω.cm) | 2.69 ib |
| Qhov ceev (g / cm3) | 2.6898 ib |
| Modulus ntawm Elasticity (GPa) | 68.3 ib |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.34 ib |
Mechanical Properties ntawm Aluminium
Aluminium tuaj yeem deformed hnyav yam tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm. Qhov no tso cai rau txhuas los ntawm dov, extruding, kos duab, machining thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Nws tseem tuaj yeem muab pov rau qhov siab siab ntev.
Alloying, ua haujlwm txias thiab kho cua sov tuaj yeem siv tau los ua kom cov khoom ntawm aluminium.
Lub zog tensile ntawm ntshiab txhuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 90 MPa tab sis qhov no tuaj yeem nce mus rau ntau dua 690 MPa rau qee cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kho cua sov.
Aluminium Standards
Tus qauv BS1470 qub tau hloov los ntawm cuaj EN tus qauv. Cov qauv EN tau muab rau hauv cov lus 4.
Rooj 4.EN cov qauv rau txhuas
| Txuj | Scope |
|---|---|
| TS EN 485-1 | Technical tej yam kev mob rau kev soj ntsuam thiab xa |
| EN485-2 | Mechanical zog |
| EN485-3 | Tolerances rau cov khoom kub dov |
| TS EN 485-4 | Tolerances rau cov khoom txias dov |
| TS EN 515 | Temper npe |
| TS EN 573-1 | Numerical alloy designation system |
| TS EN 573-2 | Chemical symbol designation system |
| TS EN 573-3 | Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg |
| TS EN 573-4 | Cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv sib txawv alloys |
Cov qauv EN txawv ntawm cov qauv qub, BS1470 hauv cov hauv qab no:
- Chemical compositions - tsis hloov.
- Alloy numbering system - tsis hloov.
- Temper designations rau tshav kub kho alloys tam sim no npog ntau yam ntawm tempers tshwj xeeb. Txog li plaub tus lej tom qab T tau qhia rau cov ntawv thov uas tsis yog qauv (xws li T6151).
- Temper designations for non heat treatable alloys – uas twb muaj lawm tempers yog unchanged tab sis tempers yog tam sim no ntau comprehensively txhais nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm yuav ua li cas lawv tsim. Mos (O) temper yog tam sim no H111 thiab qhov nruab nrab temper H112 tau qhia. Rau alloy 5251 tempers yog tam sim no qhia raws li H32 / H34 / H36 / H38 (sib npaug rau H22 / H24, thiab lwm yam). H19 / H22 & H24 tam sim no qhia cais.
- Mechanical zog - nyob twj ywm zoo ib yam li cov duab yav dhau los. 0.2% Pov Thawj Kev Nyuaj Siab tam sim no yuav tsum tau hais rau ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj.
- Tolerances tau nruj rau ntau qib.
Kev kho cua sov ntawm Aluminium
Ntau yam kev kho cua sov tuaj yeem siv rau aluminium alloys:
- Homogenisation - tshem tawm ntawm kev sib cais los ntawm cua sov tom qab casting.
- Annealing - siv tom qab txias ua hauj lwm los soften ua hauj lwm hardening alloys (1XXX, 3XXX thiab 5XXX).
- Los nag lossis hnub nyoog hardening (alloys 2XXX, 6XXX thiab 7XXX).
- Kev kho cua sov ua ntej kev laus ntawm nag lossis daus hardening alloys.
- Stoving rau curing ntawm coatings
- Tom qab kev kho cua sov, lub ntsiab lus raug ntxiv rau cov lej xaiv.
- Lub ntsiab lus F txhais tau tias "raws li fabricated".
- O txhais tau tias "annealed wrought khoom".
- T txhais tau hais tias nws tau "kho tau cua sov".
- W txhais tau hais tias cov khoom tau raug kho cua sov.
- H yog hais txog cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov uas yog "txias ua haujlwm" lossis "txhim tawv tawv".
- Cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov kho tau yog cov nyob hauv 3XXX, 4XXX thiab 5XXX pawg.
Post lub sij hawm: Jun-16-2021