Muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kom ruaj khov yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua no. Kev tshawb nrhiav thaj chaw hauv kev sau cov khoom siv rau hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa no, suav nrog thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 thiab thermophophotovoltactactactacta. Txawm hais tias peb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv muaj peev xwm sau lub zog hauv cov khoom siv kub, cov ntaub ntawv hluav taws xob tau suav tias yog Sensors4 thiab lub zog sau qoob 5,6,7. Ntawm no peb tau tsim kho macroscopic thermal zog Harvester hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub zog multilayer ua rau muaj lub zog roj multilayy, kev tsim hluav taws xob rau ib lub zog hluav taws xob rau ib lub voj voog kub. Txhua lub pyroelectric module tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob lub zog ntom txog li 4.43 J CM-3 ib lub voj voog. Peb kuj qhia tias ob qho kev hloov kho uas hnyav 0.3 g yog txaus los txuas ntxiv hluav taws xob cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau nrog cov microControllers thiab cov ntsuas kub. Thaum kawg, peb qhia tau tias rau qhov kub ntawm 10 K, cov multiilayer capacitors tuaj yeem ncav tau 40% carnot efficiency. Cov khoom no yog vim (1) Ferrroelectric hloov pauv rau kev ua haujlwm siab, (2) qis xau dej tam sim no los tiv thaiv kev poob, thiab (3) siab tawg voltage. Cov macroscopic, kho kom nkag tau thiab siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob cov hluav taws xob yog rov qab ua hluav taws xob thermoelectric fais tiam.
Piv rau qhov chaw sib txawv kub gradient thiab zog sau qoob loo ntawm thermoelectric cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau caij tsheb kauj vab dhau sijhawm. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub voj voog thermodynamic, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau piav los ntawm Entropy (s) -Teemperature (t) daim duab. Daim duab 1a qhia tau ib qho kev sib tw STAT ntawm cov tsis-tawm pyrectric-pakaelectric theem hloov pauv hauv scandium coj tantalate (pst). Cov xiav thiab ntsuab thiab seem ntawm lub voj voog ntawm daim duab sib txuas mus rau cov hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob hauv Olson lub voj voog (Ob Ntu thiab ob ntu). Ntawm no peb xav txog ob lub voj voog nrog tib lub hluav taws xob teb kev hloov (teb ntawm thiab tawm) thiab ntsuas kub thiab txias ΔT, albeit nrog txawv thawj kub. Lub voj voog ntsuab tsis nyob hauv theem theem hloov chaw thiab yog li muaj thaj chaw me dua li lub voj voog xiav nyob hauv thaj chaw theem hloov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub st daiggram, qhov loj dua thaj chaw, qhov ntau dua lub zog sau. Yog li ntawd, cov theem hloov yuav tsum sau ntau lub zog. Qhov xav tau rau thaj chaw cycling loj hauv NLP zoo heev li qhov xav tau kev siv hluav taws xob (MLCS) Txias kev ua haujlwm ua tau zoo raws li kev voj voog 13,14,15,16. Yog li ntawd, peb tau txheeb xyuas PST MLCS ntawm kev txaus siab rau kev sib sau ua hluav taws xob thermal. Cov qauv no tau piav qhia meej meej hauv cov qauv thiab cov cim hauv cov ntawv sau ntxiv 1 (ntsuas hluav taws xob electract), 2 (xoo hluav taws xob txawv) thiab 3 (calorimetry).
A, Kos duab ntawm Entropy (s) -Temperature (t) daim phiaj nrog hluav taws xob teb ntawm thiab tua tau thov mus rau theem hloov chaw. Ob lub zog sau cov voj voog yog qhia nyob rau hauv ob qho kev sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub xiav xiav thiab ntsuab thiab sab nraud ntawm theem hloov, feem, thiab xaus rau thaj tsam sib txawv heev ntawm cov npoo. B, ob daim De MLC Unpolar Rings, 1 hli tuab, ntsuas ntawm 0 thiab 155 KV CM-1 ntawm 20 ° C, thiab tus qauv Olsen mus ncig. Cov ntawv ABCD xa mus rau cov xeev txawv nyob rau Olson kev voj voog. AB: MLCS tau them rau 155 kV cm-1 ntawm 20 ° C. BC: MLC tau tswj hwm ntawm 155 kv cm-1 thiab qhov kub tau nce mus rau 90 ° C. CD: MLC tawm ntawm 90 ° C. DA: MLC chilled mus rau 20 ° C hauv Zero teb. Thaj chaw xiav sib raug rau lub hwj chim tawm tswv yim yuav tsum tau pib lub voj voog. Lub cheeb tsam txiv kab ntxwv yog lub zog sau hauv ib lub voj voog. c, sab saum toj vaj huam sib luag, voltage (dub) thiab tam sim no (liab) tiv thaiv lub sijhawm, taug qab thaum tib lub voj voog Olson ua b. Ob txoj kev tso npe sawv cev rau lub amplification ntawm voltage thiab tam sim no ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv lub voj voog. Nyob rau hauv lub vaj huam sib luag qis, daj thiab ntsuab curves sawv cev cov lus ntsuas kub thiab lub zog hluav taws xob, rau ib tug 1 hli tuab mLC tuab. Zog yog xam los ntawm qhov tam sim no thiab voltage nkhaus ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag sab saum toj. Lub zog tsis zoo sib xws nrog lub zog sib sau. Cov kauj ruam sib raug rau cov tsiaj ntawv loj hauv plaub tus nuj nqis yog tib yam li hauv Olson lub voj voog. Lub voj voog AB'CD sib raug rau lub voj voog stirling (ceeb toom ntxiv 7).
Qhov twg E thiab D yog hluav taws xob teb thiab hluav taws xob hloov chaw, feem. ND tuaj yeem tau txais kev ncaj qha los ntawm De Circuit Court (Daim duab 1B) lossis ncaj qha los ntawm kev pib pib thermodynamic voj voog. Cov hau kev pab tshaj plaws tau piav qhia los ntawm Olsen hauv nws kev ua haujlwm tho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pyroelectric lub zog hauv 1980s17.
Ntawm Daim Duab. 1b qhia tau ob tug monoparar de loops ntawm 1 hli tuab pst-mLC tick pst-mLC ticking sib sau ua ke ntawm 20 ° C, rau 155 KV CM-1 (600 V). Ob lub voj voog no tuaj yeem siv tau los tsis ncaj ncees suav lub zog sau los ntawm Olson lub voj voog qhia hauv daim duab 1A. Qhov tseeb, cov Olsen lub voj voog muaj ob isofield ceg (nyob ntawm no, xoom nyob rau hauv lub bc-1 nyob rau hauv bc-1 nyob rau hauv bc-1 hauv BC-1 ° с thiab 20 с hauv ceg AB). C Nyob rau hauv CD ceg) lub zog sau thaum lub voj voog sib raug rau cov txiv kab ntxwv thiab cov cheeb tsam xiav (EDD sib xyaw). Lub zog sau lub zog ND yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus qhia thiab tso zis zog, piv txwv li tsuas yog cov txiv kab ntxwv cheeb tsam hauv Daim Duab. 1b. Qhov no OLS li Olson muab ND lub zog ntom ntom ntawm 1.78 J CM-3. Lub voj voog stirling yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau Olson lub voj voog (sau tseg ntxiv 7). Vim tias lub tsheb sib txuas ntxiv (qhib Circuit Court) yooj yim dua mus txog, lub zog ntom ntom rho tawm los ntawm Daim duab 1B (lub voj voog AB'CD) ncav cuag 1.25 J CM-3. Qhov no tsuas yog 70% ntawm qhov Oppson lub voj voog tuaj yeem sau, tab sis yooj yim sau ua cov khoom siv nws.
Tsis tas li ntawd, peb ntsuas ncaj qha lub zog sau thaum Olson lub voj voog los ntawm kev tswj hwm lub PSt MLC siv cov chaw sib txuas ntawm qhov kev tswj hwm qhov chaw thiab cov khoom siv (qauv). Daim duab 1C nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv cov kev nkag siab tseem ceeb qhia tam sim no (liab) thiab voltage (dub pst mlc ua rau de doop mus dhau ntawm olson voj voog. Qhov tam sim no thiab voltage ua kom nws muaj peev xwm suav cov kev sau lub zog, thiab cov nkhaus yog qhia hauv Daim Duab. 1C, hauv qab (ntsuab) thiab ntsuas kub (daj) thoob plaws lub voj voog. Cov tsiaj ntawv ABCD sawv cev rau tib O Okas Opps hauv Daim duab 1. MLC them thaum muaj tus lej AB thiab yog cov sourchemeter tau txais kev them nyiaj. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tw pib tam sim no yog tias Voltage nkhaus (nkhaus nkhaus) tsis yog linear muaj peev xwm teb d pst (Daim duab 1c, Inset Inset). Thaum kawg ntawm kev them nyiaj, 30 mj ntawm hluav taws xob lub zog yog khaws cia rau hauv MLC (taw tes b). Lub MLC ces ua kom sov thiab yog qhov tsis zoo (thiab yog li ntawd qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsis zoo rau hauv 35 MJ Qhov voltage ntawm MLC (Ceg CD) yog tom qab ntawd txo, ua rau muaj ntxiv 60 mJ ntawm cov haujlwm hluav taws xob. Tag nrho cov khoom tso zis hluav taws xob yog 95 MJ. Lub zog sau tau yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus qhia thiab tso zis zog, uas muab 95 - 30 = 65 MJ. Qhov no sib raug zoo rau lub zog ntom ntawm 1.84 j cm-3, uas yog heev ze rau ND rho tawm los ntawm lub nplhaib de. Cuprucibility ntawm Olson lub voj voog no tau raug ntsuas ntau (sau ntawv ntxiv 4). Los ntawm kev nce voltage ntxiv thiab ntsuas kub, peb ua tiav 4.5 mm pst mLC tuab ntawm qhov kub ntawm 750 v (195 kv cm-1) thiab 175 ° C (Ntxiv 5.). Qhov no yog plaub zaug ntau dua qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov ntawv sau rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntawm PB (MG, PT-3) 18 (cm. Qhov kev ua tau zoo no tau mus txog qhov tsis tshua muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov ntawv sau (<10-7 A) Qhov kev ua tau zoo no tau mus txog qhov tsis tshua muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov ntawv sau (<10-7 A) Ээ дыстики дыстигки достигнурилеагнуу в ддолнительнии кимечании 6) - Lub Neej Nrauj 6) - Lub ntsiab lus 19 - в отлимеериатериатериаламользользованным б более ранних иследованиях17,20. Cov yam ntxwv no tau ua tiav vim yog MLCS heev ntawm cov MLCS (<10-7 A ntawm 750 V thiab 180 ° C, Saib cov ntsiab lus ntxiv los ntawm Smith li al. 19 - Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv kev tshawb fawb ua ntej17,20.由于这些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 中的详细信息）——Smith 等人19 提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20。由于 这些 这些 泄漏 非常 非常 非常 非常 在 在 在 在 在 750 v 和 18 ° 说明 说明 中 点 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下, 已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料 17.20. Nis Yis ткококи уоки уих MLC Ocчень (<10-7 ключевой иомент, упомянутый смитом Thiab др. 19 - - давнения, были достигнунунунунунунурарак ккккк....................................................... Txij li thaum cov xau dej tam sim no cov MLCS yog tsawg heev (<10-7 A ntawm 750 V thiab 1850 V thiab 180 ° C, Saib cov ntsiab lus ntxiv los ntawm Smith li al. 19 - Rau kev sib piv, cov yeeb yam no tau ua tiav.rau cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv kev kawm ua ntej 17,20.
Tib qho kev mob (600 v, 20-90 ° C) thov rau lub voj voog stirling (sau ntawv ntxiv rau 7). Raws li xav tau los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub voj voog tsib, cov txiaj ntsig yog 41.0 MJ. Ib qho ntawm cov kev tawm tsam tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau loj tshaj plaws yog lawv lub peev xwm kom tau ua kom pom tseeb thawj zaug ntawm cov nyhuv thermage. Peb tau pom ib qho hluav taws xob nce mus txog 39 (los ntawm thawj qhov hluav taws xob ntawm 15 v mus rau qhov kawg voltage ntawm txog li 590 V, saib cov duab ntxiv. 7.2).
Lwm qhov txawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov MLCS yog tias lawv yog macroscopic cov khoom loj txaus los sau lub zog hauv cov khoom muaj sia. Yog li ntawd, peb tau txua cov qauv Harotyteter (Harv1) siv 28 × 4 lub pas dej zoo li pom nyob hauv daim duab Sau txog li 3.1 J uas Olson lub voj voog tau piav qhia hauv Daim Duab. 2a, Isothermal thaj tsam ntawm 10 ° C thiab 125 ° C thiab iSofield thaj tsam ntawm 0 thiab 750 v (195 KV CM-1). Qhov no sib raug rau lub zog ua kom ntom ntawm 3.14 J CM-3. Siv qhov no sib txuas, ntsuas tau raug coj hauv ntau qhov kev mob (Daim duab 2B). Nco ntsoov tias 1.8 J tau txais ntau tshaj li 80 ° C thiab qhov voltage ntawm 600 v (155 kV cm-1). Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo nrog yav tas los hais txog 65 MJ rau 1 hli tuab pst mLC tuab raws li tib yam kev mob (28 × 65 = 1820 mj).
A, sim teeb tsa ntawm kev sib sau ua ke Harv1 qauv raws li 28 mlC psts 1 hli tuab (4 kab â) khiav ntawm OLONON CYCLES. Rau txhua ntawm plaub lub voj voog kauj ruam, ntsuas kub thiab cov hluavtaws thiab hluav taws xob tau muab nyob hauv cov qauv. Lub khoos phis tawm muaj cov twj tso kua mis peraralalic uas circulates kua ntawm cov khaub thuas thiab cov dej kub, ob lub hwj chim, thiab lub zog siv hluav taws xob. Lub khoos phis tawj kuj siv thermocouples los sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub voltage thiab tam sim no rau cov qauv thiab qhov ntsuas kub ntawm kev sib txuas los ntawm lub zog sib txuas. B, Zog (xim) sau los ntawm peb 4 × 7 mlC prototype kub ntau (x-axis) thiab voltage (y-axis) hauv cov kev sim sib txawv.
Ib qho loj dua ntawm Harvester (Harv2) nrog 60 pst mLC tuab thiab 160 pm tuab (4,2 j (daim ntawv qhia ntxiv 8). Xyoo 1984, Olsen tau tsim lub zog Harvester raws li 317 g ntawm ib tug tin-doped pb (zracity nyob rau ntawm ib tug kub txog li 150 ° C (rel. 21). Rau qhov no ua ke, qhov no yog tus muaj nqis rau lwm tus muaj nyob hauv ntau txoj kev. Nws tau txais ntau dua ib nrab ntawm tus nqi uas peb ua tiav thiab ze li ntawm xya zaus qhov zoo. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub zog ntom ntawm Harv2 yog 13 lub sijhawm siab dua.
Lub sijhawm Harv1 yog 57 vib nas this. Qhov no tsim 54 mw ntawm lub hwj chim nrog 4 kab ntawm 7 kab ntawm 1 hli tuab mlc poob lawm. Txhawm rau coj nws ib kauj ruam ntxiv mus, peb ua tiav ib feem peb (Harv3) nrog 0.5 hli tuab pst mLC thiab teeb tsa zoo sib xws Peb ntsuas lub sijhawm thermalization ntawm 12,5 vib nas this. Qhov no sib haum rau lub sijhawm voj voog ntawm 25 s (txhawb ntxiv Daim Duab. 9). Lub zog sau tau (47 MJ) muab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm 1.95 MW ib qho MLC, uas nyob rau hauv cov lalc2 ua rau peb 0.95 mw × 280 pt mlc 0.5 mm tuab). Tsis tas li ntawd, peb simulated tshav kub hloov siv finite beneration simulation (comsol, cov ntawv qhia ntxiv 10 thiab cov lus txhawb ntxiv 10-4) coj mus rau Harvl [sim. Finite Qhab qauv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm twv txiaj ntsig yuav luag ib qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntawv me me (430 mm, siv dej ua kom txias dua (430, siv dej ua kom txias dua, thiab rov qab kho lub matrix rau 7 kab. × 4 kab (ntxiv rau, muaj 960 mW thaum lub tank tau nyob ib sab ntawm kev sib txuas, daim duab ntxiv).
Txhawm rau ua kom pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus sau no, ib tug stirling lub voj voog tau thov mus rau ib qho chaw sib txuas, lub zog hluav taws xob hloov nrog ob lub zog hluav taws xob, ob lub zog hluav taws xob uas muaj xws li microConourcor, ob lub zog hluav taws xob tsawg dua, ob lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog, ob lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog, ob lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog, ob lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog, ob lub zog hluav taws xob, ob lub zog hloov kho hluav taws xob (ob lub zog hloov kho (ntxiv Lub Circuit Court yuav tsum muaj catacitor kom tau them rau ntawm 9V thiab tom qab ntawd khiav autonomously thaum qhov kub ntawm 160 s (ob peb lub voj voog yog qhia hauv tsab ntawv ntxiv 11). Zoo kawg li, ob daim MLC uas tsuas yog 0.3g tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov system loj no. Lwm qhov kev nyiam nthuav dav yog tias lub zog hloov hluav taws xob tsawg yog muaj peev xwm hloov 400v mus rau 109% efficiency (Ntxiv Daim Duab 11.3).
Thaum kawg, peb ntsuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm MLC modules hauv kev hloov hluav taws xob thermal mus rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog. Lub txiaj ntsig zoo η ntawm kev ua tau zoo yog txhais tau tias yog qhov sib piv ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nd rau lub ntom ntom nti cov tshuaj yej QIN (CEEB TOOM TSEG 12):
Daim duab 3A, B qhia tau kev ua tau zoo η thiab ib qho kev ua tau zoo los ntawm Olsen lub voj voog, ntsig txog, raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 0.5 hli tuab pst mlc. Ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa tau muab rau ib daim teb hluav taws xob ntawm 195 kV CM-1. Lub efficiency \ (\ no \) ncav cuag 1.43%, uas yog sib npaug rau 18% ntawm ηr. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 10 k los ntawm 25 ° C rau 35 ° C, ηr nce nqi txog 40% (xiav nkhaus hauv Daim duab 3B). Qhov no yog ob zaug paub tus nqi rau NLP cov ntaub ntawv kaw hauv PMN-PT cov yeeb yaj kiab (ηr = 19%) hauv qhov ntsuas kub ntawm 10 K thiab 300 KV CM-1 (RUA. 18). Qhov kub thiab txias nyob hauv qab 10 K tsis tau txiav txim siab vim tias cov thermal hysteresis ntawm 5 thiab 8 k. lees paub txog qhov kev hloov pauv theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov tseeb, cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm η thiab ηr yog yuav luag txhua tus tau txais ntawm qhov kub pib ti = 25 ° C hauv figs. 3a, b. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev hloov pauv theem ze thaum tsis muaj daim teb yog siv thiab curie TC nyob ib puag ncig 20 ° C hauv no MLCS (Daim Ntawv Qhia Ntxiv 13).
A, B, ua tau zoo η thiab lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm Oppory ({} }} \ ,, \) (b) rau MPC pst 0.5 hli tuab, nyob ntawm qhov kub luv δtsan.
Qhov kev pom tom kawg muaj ob qhov kev cog lus tseem ceeb: (1) cov kev cog lus tseem ceeb: (1) Ib theem kev hloov pauv saum toj no (los ntawm partroectric) tshwm sim; (2) Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj peev xwm ntau dua ntawm kev khiav lub sijhawm ze rau TC. Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj muaj nyob rau hauv peb cov kev sim, qhov ntsuas tsawg zaus tsis tso cai rau peb kom ua tiav ntau qhov zoo tshaj plaws vim tias cov khoom siv carnot (\ (\ (\)). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua tau zoo los ntawm pst mLCs ua kom pom tseeb Olsen thaum nws hais txog qhov kub ntawm 50 ° C thiab 250 ° C tuaj yeem muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm 30% "17 17. Txhawm rau kom ncav cuag cov txiaj ntsig thiab sim lub tswvyim, nws yuav pab tau siv doped psts nrog cov tcs sib txawv, raws li tau kawm los ntawm Shebanov thiab Borman. Lawv tau pom tias TC hauv PST tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 3 ° C (SB doping) txog 33 ° C (TI doping) 22. Yog li ntawd, peb xav tias cov neeg xa khoom txuas ntxiv raws li doped pst mLCs lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv nrog kev txiav txim siab ua ntej tau sib tw nrog lub zog sau hluav taws xob.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tshawb nrhiav MLC los ntawm PST. Cov khoom siv no muaj cov ntawv sau puv nkaus PT thiab PST Electrodes, uas muaj ntau lub capacitors tau txuas nrog thaum ua ntu zus. PST raug xaiv vim tias nws yog cov khoom siv EC zoo heev thiab yog li ntawd ib qho kev siv tau NLP zoo tshaj plaws. Nws ua kom pom kev ua thawj zaug ua ntej Ferroelectric-paraelectric theem hloov ib ncig ntawm 20 ° CLCs tau piav qhia meej rau EC13,14 li. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, peb tau siv 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ 5.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³cs. MLCS nrog lub thickness ntawm 1 mm thiab 0.5 hli tau ua los ntawm 19 thiab 9 txheej ntawm pst nrog ib tuab ntawm 38.6 μm, feem. Hauv ob qho tib si, sab hauv pst txheej tau muab tso rau ntawm 2.05 μm tuab platinum. Tus qauv tsim ntawm cov MLCS kwv yees tias 55% ntawm cov pSTs yog nquag, sib raug rau ib feem ntawm electrodes (sau ntawv ntxiv 1). Cov chaw ua haujlwm electrode yog 48.7 mm2 (rooj txheej txheem ntxiv). MLC PST tau npaj los ntawm theem khoom siv thiab cov qauv ua. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem npaj tau tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los14. Ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm PST MLC thiab cov ntawv sau dhau los yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm B-site, uas cuam tshuam ntau rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm EC hauv PST. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm B-sites ntawm PT MLC yog 0.75 (Daim ntawv ceeb toom ntxiv 2) Tau txais los ntawm Sintering ntawm 1400 ° C ua raws li ntau pua nyiaj ntev tshaj tawm ntawm 1000 ° C. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog PST MLC, saib cov ntawv sau ntxiv 1-3 thiab cov rooj zaum ntxiv 5.
Lub tswvyim tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog raws ONNON kev voj voog (Daim duab 1). Rau xws li lub voj voog, peb xav tau cov dej kub thiab txias thiab lub zog hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab kev tswj hwm lub voltage thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau ntau MLC modules. Cov voj voog ncaj qha siv ob qho kev sib txawv, yog (1) Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, ib dilicone roj nrog viscma aldrich) tau siv rau kev sib pauv cua ntawm ob lub pas dej (kub thiab txias) thiab txias) thiab txias) thiab lub mlc. Lub thermal orervoir muaj lub khob ntim puv nrog kua dej thiab muab tso rau saum cov thermal phaj. Txias cia cia muaj cov dej da dej nrog cov kua ua kua muaj cov kua dej dafiel hauv cov thawv loj uas muaj dej thiab dej khov. Ob peb-txoj kev pincted li qub (muas los ntawm bio-chem fluids) tau muab tso rau txhua qhov kawg ntawm cov kua los ua ke los ntawm ib tug reservoir mus rau lwm tus (Daim duab 2A). Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau thermal equilibrium ntawm PST-MLC pob thiab txias, lub sijhawm hloov mus kom txog thaum lub sijhawm pst-mLC) qhia tib tus kub. Cov sej txoj kev tswj hwm thiab cov twj paj nruag, cov twj, ntsuas kom ua rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kom tau txais kev siv hluav taws xob kom tau txais kev siv hluav taws xob rau OLONS.
Xwb, peb tau lees tias cov kev ntsuas ncaj qha ntawm kev sau lub zog nrog cov txheej txheem tsis ncaj ncees. Cov txheej txheem tsis ncaj ncees no yog nyob ntawm hluav taws xob hloov chaw (D) - Fais teb (thiab los ntawm kev ntsuas thaj chaw ntawm ob lub zog tuaj yeem sau, raws li qhia hauv daim duab. Hauv daim duab 2. .1b. Cov kauj no no tseem sau siv MEITHLEYE QHOV CHAW METERS.
Nees nkaum-yim 1 hli tuab pst mLCs tau sib sau ua ke hauv 4-kab, 7-kab parallel phaj qauv raws li cov qauv piav qhia hauv kev siv. 14. Cov kua sib txawv ntawm pst-mLC kab yog 0.75mm. Qhov no yog tiav los ntawm kev ntxiv cov kab xev ntawm cov kab xev ob npaug li ua kua nyob ib ncig ntawm cov npoo ntawm lub PS MLC. Lub PST MLC yog sib txuas rau hauv parallel nrog ib lub nyiaj ayoxy choj nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub electrode leads. Tom qab ntawd, cov xov hlau tau glued nrog nyiaj epoxy resin rau txhua sab ntawm electrode terminals rau kev txuas rau lub zog. Thaum kawg, ntxig rau tag nrho cov qauv rau hauv polyolefin hose. Qhov tom kawg yog glued mus rau lub raj dej ua kua los xyuas kom meej sealing. Thaum kawg, 0.25 mm tuab thre k-hom thermocouples tau ua rau txhua qhov kawg ntawm PST-MLC qauv los saib xyuas cov inlet thiab qhov hluav taws xob ua kua kub. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov hose yuav tsum xub ua kom pom zoo. Tom qab kev txhim kho qhov thermocouple, thov cov nplaum qub li ua ntej ntawm thermocouple hose thiab hlau los kho lub foob.
Yim cais profiltes tau tsim tsa, plaub ntawm muaj 40 0.5 hli tuab mlc purs Nyob rau hauv 3-kem × 5-kab thaum kawg phaj qauv. Tag nrho cov ntawm pst mLCs siv yog 220 (160 0.5 mm tuab thiab 60 pst mLC 1 hli tuab). Peb hu rau ob qho kev txiav txim siab Harv2_160 thiab Harv2_60. Cov kev sib tw kua hauv cov qauv HarveP2_160 muaj ob tog ob tog muag khoom 0.25 mm tuab ntawm lawv. Rau cov Harv2_60 txoj kab lus, peb rov ua cov txheej txheem tib yam, tab sis siv 0.38 hli tuab xaim xaim. Rau symmetry, Harv2_160 muaj lawv tus kheej kua dej, twj, li qub thiab txias nco 8). Ob lub taub limh2 qhia txog kev kub taub hau, 3 lub thawv ntim 3 lub thawv (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) ntawm ob daim phiaj kub nrog tig cov hlau nplaum. Tag nrho yim tus neeg muaj cov qauv hluav taws xob tau sib txuas hauv parallel. Lub Harv2_160 thiab Harv2_60 subnits ua haujlwm ib txhij nyob rau hauv Olson kev ua rau muaj lub zog sau ntawm 11.2 J.
Qhov chaw 0.5 hli tuab pst mLC rau hauv polyolefin hose nrog ob npaug daim kab xev thiab xaim ntawm ob sab los tsim chaw rau cov kua kom ntws. Vim nws cov qauv me me, cov qauv tau muab tso rau ntawm ib sab ntawm ib lub kub lossis txias ntim cov khoom siv, lub sijhawm dhau los.
Hauv PT MLC, ib qho hluav taws xob tas li tau thov los ntawm kev thov cov hluav taws xob tas li rau cov cua nab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev ua tsis zoo ua hluav taws xob yog tsim tawm thiab lub zog khaws cia. Tom qab cua sov lub pst mLC, thaj teb tau raug tshem tawm (v = 0), thiab lub zog khaws cia rau hauv cov txee, uas sib haum rau ib qho ntxiv ntawm lub zog sau. Thaum kawg, nrog lub voltage v = 0 thov, MLC PSTs tau txias rau lawv qhov kub kom lub voj voog tau pib dua. Nyob rau theem no, lub zog tsis sau. Peb tau khiav lub voj voog Olsen siv tus neeg muag khoom 2410 noob taum, them tus nqi uas tsim nyog tau sau rau theem them nyiaj rau kev suav lub zog hluav taws xob.
Hauv stirling mus, pst mLCs tau them rau hauv voltage qhov chaw ntawm thawj kauj ruam hluav taws xob tus nqi (thawj cov ntsiab lus sib sau ua ke rau lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub zog) thiab kub txias. Hauv stirling mus, pst mLCs tau them rau hauv voltage qhov chaw ntawm thawj kauj ruam hluav taws xob tus nqi (thawj cov ntsiab lus sib sau ua ke rau lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub zog) thiab kub txias. Вилирлинга PST MLC зарсияж источа истоника натока начальном энчении энчении энчении эначальнии энэогогов ( Txawm li cas los нарногоого расчета энергия температуратуратуратуратраряя температуратуратуратрарая темпзературатуратуратрарая температуратуратуратрарая топературатрарая тная температуратуратуратуратрия энергя температуратуратуратраратраратрарараяературатрарарараратраратрараяератраратрая тная Hauv Stirling PT MLC Mus Los, lawv tau them rau hauv lub voltage hom ntawm lub teb hluav taws xob (thawj zaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau sau rau kev daws teeb meem hluav taws xob (, PT MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值 (初始电压 VI> 0) 充电, 所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要 1 秒 (秒) 和低温. Nyob rau hauv tus tswv lub voj voog, PST MLC tau them rau ntawm thawj hom hluav taws xob tus nqi ( Вциле сцнга PST MLC зарарарарарарарарарарариже иежимя Напря нначениениениениениениениениеммемиескттрическогорчальное Theакряжрение Vi> 0), тости тОдаый ткаков, ээдки занимает около 1 и иаоираостоное Nunumsоличествествео робы расдЕжнннн рнергэю ээ этиэ и..... Nyob rau hauv lub voj voog stirling, PST MLC tau raug them rau hauv Voltage hom nrog tus nqi sib sau ua ke nrog 1 s (thiab ib qho kev tsim nyog tau sau lub zog) thiab qis kub.Ua ntej PST MLC heats li, qhib Circuit Court los ntawm kev thov ib qho kev sib txuam ntawm kuv = 0 ma (qhov tsawg kawg nkaus uas peb ntsuas yog 10 NA). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus nqi them nyob rau hauv lub PST ntawm MJK, thiab cov hluav taws xob nce raws li cov piv txwv heats li. Tsis muaj lub zog sau rau hauv caj npab BC vim tias kuv = 0 ma. Tom qab ncav cuag qhov kub thiab txias, lub voltage nyob rau hauv mlt ft nce ntxiv (hauv qee tus duab. Tib txoj kev sib sau ntawv tam sim no rov qab mus rau lub meter-qhov chaw. Vim muaj hluav taws xob nce ntxiv, lub zog khaws cia rau qhov kub siab yog siab dua li cas tau muab thaum pib ntawm lub voj voog. Yog li, lub zog tau txais los ntawm kev hloov pauv kub rau hauv hluav taws xob.
Peb tau siv ib tus paub lus 2410 sourcemeter los saib xyuas cov voltage thiab tam sim no siv rau pst mLC. Cov hluav taws xob coj tau xam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntawm voltuas thiab tam sim no} {v {v {}}}} (t), qhov twg τ yog lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm. Ntawm peb lub zog nkhaus, qhov tseem ceeb muaj txiaj ntsig zoo txhais tau tias lub zog uas peb yuav tsum muab rau MLC PST, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tsis zoo txhais tau tias lub zog peb tab sis yog li ntawd lub zog tau txais. Tus txheeb ze lub hwj chim rau kev muab kev sau lub voj voog uas tau sau tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib faib ntawm lub zog uas muaj lub zog tag nrho.
Txhua cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav tawm hauv cov ntawv tseem ceeb lossis cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv. Cov ntawv sau thiab kev thov rau cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau qhia rau qhov chaw ntawm lossis cov ntaub ntawv Ed cov ntaub ntawv muab nrog cov ntawv no.
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