Alloy yog sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg (tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau) nrog cov khoom siv hlau. Nws yog feem ntau tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw txhua yam rau hauv cov kua sib xws thiab tom qab ntawd condensing nws.
Alloys tuaj yeem yog yam tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm peb hom hauv qab no: ib qho kev daws teeb meem ib-theem ntawm cov khoom, sib xyaw ntawm ntau theem hlau, los yog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov hlau. Lub microstructure ntawm alloys nyob rau hauv cov khoom tov muaj ib theem, thiab ib co alloys nyob rau hauv kev daws muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj theem. Kev faib tawm yuav tsis sib xws lossis tsis sib xws, nyob ntawm qhov hloov pauv kub thaum lub caij txias ntawm cov khoom. Intermetallic compounds feem ntau muaj cov hlau lossis cov hlau ntshiab uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lwm cov hlau ntshiab.
Alloys yog siv nyob rau hauv tej daim ntawv thov vim hais tias lawv muaj tej yam khoom uas zoo dua li cov ntshiab hlau ntsiab. Piv txwv ntawm cov alloys muaj xws li steel, solder, tooj dag, pewter, phosphor bronze, amalgam, thiab lwm yam.
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov alloy feem ntau yog xam los ntawm huab hwm coj ratio. Alloys tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov alloys hloov pauv lossis cov sib xyaw sib xyaw ua ke raws li lawv cov atomic muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua homogeneous theem (tsuas yog ib theem), heterogeneous theem (ntau tshaj ib theem) thiab intermetallic compounds (tsis muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm ob. theem). ciam teb). [2]
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Kev tsim cov alloys feem ntau hloov cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, piv txwv li, lub zog ntawm cov hlau yog ntau dua li ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, hlau. Lub cev muaj zog ntawm cov hlau alloy, xws li qhov ntom ntom, reactivity, Young's modulus, hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, tej zaum yuav zoo ib yam li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau, tab sis lub zog tensile thiab shear lub zog ntawm cov hlau feem ntau muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. cov ntsiab lus. txawv heev. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov kev npaj ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug alloy yog txawv heev los ntawm qhov uas nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom. Piv txwv li, lub melting point ntawm ib tug alloy yog qis dua lub melting point ntawm cov hlau uas ua rau cov hlau vim hais tias cov atomic radii ntawm ntau yam hlau txawv, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsim ib tug ruaj khov siv lead ua lattice.
Ib qho me me ntawm qee lub caij yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov khoom ntawm cov hlau. Piv txwv li, impurities hauv ferromagnetic alloys tuaj yeem hloov cov khoom ntawm cov hlau.
Tsis zoo li cov hlau ntshiab, feem ntau cov alloys tsis muaj qhov ntsuas kub ruaj khov. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias yog nyob rau hauv lub melting kub ntau, qhov sib tov yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm cov khoom thiab kua coexistence. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias qhov chaw melting ntawm cov hlau yog qis dua li ntawm cov khoom siv hlau. Saib eutectic sib tov.
Ntawm cov hlau alloys, tooj dag yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc; bronze yog ib qho alloy ntawm tin thiab tooj liab, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov mlom, ornaments, thiab lub tsev teev ntuj tswb. Alloys (xws li nickel alloys) yog siv nyob rau hauv cov txiaj ntawm qee lub teb chaws.
Alloy yog ib qho kev daws, xws li hlau, hlau yog cov kuab tshuaj, carbon yog cov kuab tshuaj.