Cov hlau sib xyaw yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg (tsawg kawg yog ib qho yog hlau) nrog cov yam ntxwv hlau. Nws feem ntau tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw txhua yam khoom ua kua sib xws thiab tom qab ntawd ua kom nws sib xyaw.
Cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho ntawm peb hom hauv qab no: ib qho khoom khov kho uas muaj ib theem, ib qho sib xyaw ntawm ntau theem hlau, lossis ib qho khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau. Lub microstructure ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov khoom khov kho muaj ib theem, thiab qee cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov tshuaj muaj ob lossis ntau theem. Qhov kev faib tawm yuav zoo ib yam lossis tsis zoo ib yam, nyob ntawm qhov kub hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm txias ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke feem ntau muaj cov hlau sib xyaw lossis hlau ntshiab uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lwm cov hlau ntshiab.
Cov hlau sib xyaws yog siv rau hauv qee yam kev siv vim lawv muaj qee yam khoom zoo dua li cov hlau ntshiab. Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau sib xyaws suav nrog hlau, hlau nplaum, tooj dag, hlau pewter, hlau phosphor bronze, hlau amalgam, thiab lwm yam.
Feem ntau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog xam los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov hnyav. Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke lossis cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke raws li lawv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tuaj yeem faib ua cov theem sib xws (tsuas yog ib theem), cov theem sib txawv (ntau dua ib theem) thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob theem). [2]
kev piav qhia dav dav
Kev tsim cov hlau sib xyaw feem ntau hloov cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, lub zog ntawm hlau yog ntau dua li ntawm nws cov khoom tseem ceeb, hlau. Cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw, xws li qhov ceev, reactivity, Young's modulus, hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity, tej zaum yuav zoo ib yam li cov khoom ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw, tab sis lub zog tensile thiab shear lub zog ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias qhov kev npaj ntawm cov atoms hauv cov hlau sib xyaw txawv ntawm qhov ntawd hauv ib yam khoom. Piv txwv li, qhov chaw yaj ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw qis dua qhov chaw yaj ntawm cov hlau uas ua rau cov hlau sib xyaw vim tias cov atomic radii ntawm ntau yam hlau sib txawv, thiab nws nyuaj rau tsim cov lattice siv lead ua kom ruaj khov.
Ib qho me me ntawm ib yam khoom yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, cov khoom tsis huv hauv cov hlau sib xyaw ferromagnetic tuaj yeem hloov cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw.
Tsis zoo li cov hlau ntshiab, feem ntau cov hlau sib xyaw tsis muaj qhov chaw yaj tas li. Thaum qhov kub nyob hauv qhov kub yaj, qhov sib tov yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev khov thiab kua sib koom ua ke. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem hais tias qhov chaw yaj ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw qis dua li ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Saib cov khoom sib xyaw eutectic.
Ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw uas siv ntau, tooj dag yog ib qho hlau sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc; tooj dag yog ib qho hlau sib xyaw ntawm tin thiab tooj liab, thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv cov duab puab, cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj, thiab cov tswb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Cov hlau sib xyaw (xws li cov hlau sib xyaw nickel) yog siv rau hauv cov txiaj ntawm qee lub tebchaws.
Cov hlau nplaum yog cov kua, xws li hlau, hlau yog cov kuab tshuaj, carbon yog cov kuab tshuaj.